SELAMATKAN BAHASA LELUHUR KITA: 2010

Minggu, 24 Januari 2010

Jayapura's Coastal Languages On The Brink of Extinction

'The widespread use of Bahasa Indonesia has not only sped updevelopment in the province, but also killed off local languages."This is a welcome development for Bahasa Indonesia, but not forlocal languages. Bahasa Indonesia has threatened the existenceof local languages, especially in urban areas where interactionswith outsiders (non-Papuans) are very intensive," saidSupriyanto Widodo, the head of Jayapura's Language Center.] also: Workers in the field of languages tread new territoryThe Jakarta PostMonday, November 05, 2007Jayapura's coastal languages on the brink of extinctionAngel Flassy , The Jakarta Post, JayapuraHerman Rumadi Hamadi, 88, could not hide his anguish when askedabout the number of people still speaking the local language inhis village."I'm not sure, but I guess there are only six people who canspeak Tobati fluently," said Herman, the tribal chief of Tobativillage on the northern coast of Papua."Once the six die, the language will disappear," said Herman,admitting that he himself was no longer using the language ofhis ancestors.Herman has every reason to worry. The six people who still speakTobati are all over 60 years old, while the young are morefluent in Bahasa Indonesia than in their mother tongue, thanksto the widespread use of the national language.That situation has been exacerbated by the fact that more andmore Tobati villagers have opted to move to the provincialcapital of Jayapura where they communicate in Bahasa Indonesia."All of Jayapura and Abepura used to be our communal land, butnow our sago plantations have been urbanized and we livealongside newcomers," said the ondoafi (tribal chief) who livesin Entrop, Jayapura.The Kayu Pulau tribe in Jayapura and the Nafri community inAbepura, too, are being culturally overwhelmed by the pace ofdevelopment, forcing them to increasingly abandon their regionallanguage.According to Herman, Tobati people have been in contact with theoutside world since the 1600s and by the end of the 1800s, theDutch government had made this village an administrative center,triggering rapid economic growth.It is no surprise, therefore, that Herman himself has beenspeaking Malay since he was a child. Intermarriages withnewcomers have only hastened the desertion of the language."Our grandchildren speak Bahasa Indonesia fluently. They seem tohave no roots because even though they are Tobati people theydon't speak the language. How can we perform our customs, dancesand other ceremonies in the Tobati language?" asked the fatherof 10, who claimed to be very tough in teaching Tobati languageto his children.Herman said traditional songs, poems and dances were no longerperformed and Tobati songs, poems and dances showcased invarious arts festivals in Jayapura or other parts of the countryhailed not from Tobati village but from Papua New Guinea or werecontemporary creations of Tobati artists."This is really worrisome. If the Tobati language disappears,our culture will also vanish and we will become strangers in ourown land."The fact is many elements of our culture are no longerpracticed. Our grandchildren can no longer sing and dance theSerme dance, which was usually performed to greet people cominghome from fishing or the Yawo dance and song, which wasperformed when people brought new boats from the forest to thesea because such traditions are no longer practiced," Hermansaid.He said young people in the village preferred to become civilservants or work in the private sector than to become fisherman."The forests where local people used to make boats have turnedinto towns," he said.Articles and dances containing magic vanished with the arrivalof Christianity in Papua. "Traditions, magic and belief in thespirits of our ancestors have been replaced with Malay hymns,thus there is a gradual shift away from the use of regionallanguages," Herman said.Herman urges the government to help preserve the language, whichis only spoken by six elderly people."If the government could provide compensation for travelexpenses and set up training centers, we would be very eager toteach this language to the younger generation," said Herman,adding that with the Tobati people living in different parts ofJayapura, meeting places were needed for the language courses.Aksamina Awinero, 41, ondoafi Obed Awinero's child in Nafrivillage, shares the same feeling. "We used to speak Nafri to ourchildren, but when they went to school they spoke BahasaIndonesia more than Nafri and now they speak very little Nafri,"said the mother of seven.Data issued by the education and culture office in Jayapurarevealed that in 1991 only 800 people in Tobati and Injrosvillages were still using the Tobati language, while otherregional languages, Nafri and Kayu Pulau, were spoken by 1,630and 573 people respectively.It also showed there were 249 regional languages in theprovince, meaning about the same number of tribes. According toSummer International Linguistics (SIL) in 2004, Papua has 264languages, with Malay, later known as Bahasa Indonesia, servingas a bridge through which the hundreds of Papuan languages meet.Bahasa Indonesia also allows Papuans to communicate, interactand enter inter-tribe marriages.The widespread use of Bahasa Indonesia has not only sped updevelopment in the province, but also killed off local languages."This is a welcome development for Bahasa Indonesia, but not forlocal languages. Bahasa Indonesia has threatened the existenceof local languages, especially in urban areas where interactionswith outsiders (non-Papuans) are very intensive," saidSupriyanto Widodo, the head of Jayapura's Language Center.The center's 2005 and 2006 research findings gave reason forconcern over the serious condition of the three languages inTobati-Injros, Kayu Pulau-Kayu Batu and Nafri."We predict that after three generations these three regionallanguages will disappear unless local communities themselves andthe government undertake efforts to preserve them," he said.It also found out that people who still speak local languagesare above 40 years old, with younger generations having only apassive comprehension of their languages.Assuming that a generation spans about 20 years, within 60 yearsthose regional languages will disappear, owing to local people'slimited appreciation of their own languages."Nafri has the lowest number of mothers using the language andthis is alarming because mothers spearhead the use and teachingof regional languages, hence the term mother tongue," Widodosaid.Widodo also said the perception that the use of regionallanguages hampered interactions with "outsiders" had promptedpeople to abandon their mother tongue."People think using their mother tongue curtails their access toscientific, social and economic domains," continued Widodo.The Language Center has documented 180 local languages all overPapua and West Papua since its establishment in 2002."We prioritized the vocabulary of 200 universally used words andover 1,000 cultural words, making the total entries about 1,600per village," Widodo said, adding that they excluded standardgrammatical rules.He also said some regency administrations had documented locallanguages. Biak regency, for instance, has produced a dictionaryand grammar books. It also obliges local schools to teach Biakin schools. Fak-fak regency has funded the publication of Ihadictionary publication.With its limited resources, the Jayapura Language Center hascomposed the dictionaries of Maybrat/South Sorong, Sentani andJayapura languages."Our target is to combine these works and publish an Indonesianregional language map in 2008," Widodo said.------------------------------------
The Jakarta Post Monday, November 05, 2007

Workers in the field of languages tread new territory

Janika Gelinek , The Jakarta Post, Jakarta

Once upon a time, Ungan and Awé decided not to go home afterworking in the fields. Instead, they stayed by a river andgoofed around with a dog.They were sending the dog to and fro over the water whensuddenly stone rain came down, turning them into stones. Andtheir crime? They did not come home and make fun of a dog.The story could have been lost had Italian linguist AntoniaSoriente from the Max Planck Institute of EvolutionaryAnthropology in Jakarta not gone and documented Oma Longh andLebu' Kulit languages in Malinau and Bulungan regency in EasternKalimantan.Oma Longh and Lebu' Kulit, in which the story above wasnarrated, are just two of the endangered languages in Indonesia,spoken only by a few thousand people in Malinau and Bulungan."When you look at what is happening around you, you seelanguages dying on a large scale, especially in the eastern partof Indonesia such as Papua and the Maluku islands," said UriTadmor of the Jakarta Field Station.Established in 1999 by Uri Tadmor and David Gil, the JakartaField Station started off by collecting data on child language.In collaboration with the Jakarta Atma Jaya Catholic University,it is currently hosting about 25 researchers from Indonesia andabroad who are studying Indonesian languages from the islands ofWest Sumatra all the way to Papua.Indonesia has around 700 languages, but the widespread use ofBahasa Indonesia has pushed many of those languages to the brinkof extinction, placing the national language on a par withEnglish, Spanish and French as "killer" languages.According to Tadmor, there are many reasons why languages in thecountry are facing extinction, including people's low level ofrespect for indigenous languages.the speakers themselves don'tattach much importance to their own languages," said Tadmor,adding that the children of inter-race couples tended to speakonly Bahasa Indonesia."Indigenous languages are also not used in the education system,and thus their survival is neither financially nor politicallysupported," Tadmor said.In theory, any indigenous language can be taught in a stateelementary school. But in reality, schools usually offer onlyJavanese, Sundanese and Balinese, and rarely would these be theprimary language of instruction."It is totally meaningless to the kids and the kids hate it,"Tadmor said.According to Tadmor, there is not much hope the situation willbe reversed as these languages are generally considered notworth keeping."It's a vicious circle. People who speak a small indigenouslanguage come to look down on their language, because there isno official recognition of it," said Tadmor, adding that onlynon-nationals had come here to work with indigenous communities.The researchers at the field station are studying how languagescross, enrich and endanger each other, with many of themfocusing on endangered languages."Languages reflect a view of the world. They are an essentialcomponent of the living heritage of humanity, therefore theybelong to the intangible cultural heritage that needs to besafeguarded," Italian linguist Antonia Soriente said."Languages are vehicles of value systems and of culturalexpressions and they constitute a determining factor in theidentity of groups and individuals. They transmit knowledge,values and collective memory and play an essential role incultural vitality."A book Soriente carefully edited - Mencaleny & Usung BayungMarang - a collection of Kenyah stories in Oma Longh and Lebu'Kulit languagesis a first in more than one sense. Not only havethese stories never been translated into Indonesian or English,they have not even been written down.In order to give access to the Kenyah stories of Ungan and Awéor the clever Mpé and her stupid husband Buzu, Soriente had todevelop a new orthographic system for the entirely orallanguages."Linguists are not really social workers. We are not activistswho try to go to the field and say, hey, you need to speak yourlanguage. But we want to raise awareness of linguistic diversityand give something back to the community and some tools withwhich, if they want to, they can help their language tosurvive", says Soriente.When the book was published last year it was first sent to thecommunities that had been involved in the project."They were quite startled to see that something had emerged,that their language had been written down and that it waswritten next to Bahasa Indonesia and English. They said, `Oh,now we can study English through our language!'"During Soriente's visit, the Malinau regent made for the veryfirst time a speech entirely in the local language of Lebu'Kulit and people also started using the new orthographic systemto send text messages."Suddenly they realized there is no law that says you have touse only Bahasa Indonesian", Soriente said.Her colleague Betty Litamahuputty has had similar experiences.Litamahuputty participates in a team that has intensivelystudied the highly endangered languages of the Maluku islands,among them Kouro, spoken only in five villages on the island ofSeram. Together with linguists from Australia's MonashUniversity and the local communities, Litamahuputty developedstorybooks in Kouro. Teams were formed among the villagers andsent out to literally document their language."We gave them some cameras and they had to figure out what kindof event they wanted to document. It was the clove-harvestseason. They were taking pictures of what they thought wasimportant about the harvest. And then they had to ask thevillage people or somebody who knew the language how to say thisor that in Kouro. And then they tried to write it down. In thisway they were able to make their own storybooks bilingual, inMalay and the local language. And that was to show that by verysimple means they could make their own storybook, which theycould use in school for instance. Just with a notebook, a cameraand a pen you can make a book about whatever you want," saidLitamahuputty.Furthermore a story in Malay has been developed by projectleader Margaret Florey about a family going in the woods andworking there in a garden, the "garden story". This story hasbeen "fed" with significant linguistic structures to find outhow speakers from different local communities on Seram islandwould translate the same story in their language.Additionally the linguists made vitality tests in order to seewhether the inhabitants could still communicate in theirlanguage or only knew a few words. As expected it turned outthat in many cases elderly people still had some knowledge ofthe language, but only a few people were actually able to have aconversation in it.Surprisingly the patterns were the same in Christian and Muslimvillages, such as in Allang and Ruta."People always thought indigenous languages were more likely tobe preserved in Muslim villages, but instead they had the samecurve as the Christian villages, where we already know that thelanguage has died out," said Litamahuputty.A workbook used in workshops with local communities will bepublished next year to demonstrate not only how to learn alanguage, but also how to gather information from local speakers- how to make sentences, how to figure out their structure andwhat the grammar might be like."Thus, local communities might take the survival of theirlanguage into their own hands," Litamahuputty said.

Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights

PreliminariesThe institutions and non-governmental organizations, signatories to the present Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights, meeting in Barcelona from 6 to 9 June 1996,
Having regard to the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights which, in its preamble, expresses its "faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women"; and which, in its second article, establishes that "everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms" regardless of "race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status";
Having regard to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 16 December 1966 (Article 27), and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of the same date which, in their preambles, state that human beings cannot be free unless conditions are created which enable them to enjoy both their civil and political rights and their economic, social and cultural rights;
Having regard to Resolution 47/135 of 18 December 1992 of the General Assembly of the United Nations Organizations which adopted the Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to National, Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities;
Having regard to the declarations and conventions of the Council of Europe, such as the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, of 4 November 1950 (Article 14); the Convention of the Council of Ministers of the Council of Europe, of 29 June 1992, approving the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages; the Declaration on National Minorities by the Summit Meeting of the Council of Europe on 9 October 1993; and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities of November 1994;
Having regard to the Santiago de Compostela Declaration of the International PEN Club and the Declaration of 15 December 1993 of the Translations and Linguistic Rights Committee of the International PEN Club concerning the proposal to hold a World Conference on Linguistic Rights;
Considering that, in the Recife, Brazil, Declaration of 9 October 1987, the 12th Seminar of the International Association for the Development of Intercultural Communication recommended the United Nations Organization to take the necessary steps to approve and implement a Universal Declaration on Linguistic Rights;
Having regard to Convention 169 of the International Labour Organization of 26 June 1989 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries;
Having regard to the Universal Declaration of the Collective Rights of Peoples, Barcelona, May 1990, which declared that all peoples have the right to express and develop their culture, language and rules of organization and, to this end, to adopt political, educational, communications and governmental structures of their own, within different political frameworks;
Having regard to the Final Declaration of the General Assembly of the International Federation of Modern Language Teachers in PÈcs (Hungary) on 16 August 1991, which recommended that linguistic rights be considered among the fundamental rights of the individual;
Having regard to the report of the Human Rights Commission of the United Nations Economic and Social Council, of 20 April 1994, concerning the draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which assesses individual rights in the light of collective rights;
Having Regard to the draft Declaration of the Inter-American Human Rights Commission on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, approved at session 1278 on 18 September 1995;
Considering that the majority of the world's endangered languages belong to non-sovereign peoples and that the main factors which prevent the development of these languages and accelerate the process of language substitution include the lack of self-government and the policy of states which impose their political and administrative structures and their language;
Considering that invasion, colonization, occupation and other instances of political, economic or social subordination often involve the direct imposition of a foreign language or, at the very least, distort perceptions of the value of languages and give rise to hierarchical linguistic attitudes which undermine the language loyalty of speakers; and considering that the languages of some peoples which have attained sovereignty are immersed in a process of language substitution as a result of a policy which favours the language of a former colonial or imperial power;
Considering that universalism must be based on a conception of linguistic and cultural diversity which prevails over trends towards homogenization and exclusionary isolation;
Considering that, in order to ensure peaceful coexistence between language communities, a series of overall principles must be found so as to guarantee the promotion and respect of all languages and their social use in public and in private;
Considering that various factors of an extralinguistic nature (historical, political, territorial, demographic, economic, sociocultural and sociolinguistic factors and those related to collective attitudes) give rise to problems which lead to the extinction, marginalization and degeneration of numerous languages, and that consequently linguistic rights must be examined in an overall perspective, so as to apply appropriate solutions in each case;
In the belief that a Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights is required in order to correct linguistic imbalances with a view to ensuring the respect and full development of all languages and establishing the principles for a just and equitable linguistic peace throughout the world as a key factor in the maintenance of harmonious social relations;
Hereby declare that
Preamble The situation of each language, in view of the foregoing considerations, is the result of the convergence and interaction of a wide range of factors of a political and legal, ideological and historical, demographic and territorial, economic and social, cultural, linguistic and sociolinguistic, interlinguistic and subjective nature.
More specifically, at the present time, these factors are defined by:
The age-old unifying tendency of the majority of states to reduce diversity and foster attitudes opposed to cultural plurality and linguistic pluralism.
The trend towards a worldwide economy and consequently towards a worldwide market of information, communications and culture, which disrupts the spheres of interrelation and the forms of interaction that guarantee the internal cohesion of language communities.
The economicist growth model put forward by transnational economic groups which seeks to identify deregulation with progress and competitive individualism with freedom and generates serious and growing economic, social, cultural and linguistic inequality. Language communities are currently under pressure from dangers arising from a lack of self-government, a limited population or one that is partially or wholly dispersed, a fragile economy, an uncodified language, or a cultural model opposed to the dominant one, which make it impossible for many languages to survive and develop unless the following basic goals are taken into account:
In a political perspective, the goal of conceiving a way of organizing linguistic diversity so as to permit the effective participation of language communities in this new growth model.
In a cultural perspective, the goal of rendering the worldwide communications space compatible with the equitable participation of all peoples, language communities and individuals in the development process.
In an economic perspective, the goal of fostering sustainable development based on the participation of all and on respect for the ecological balance of societies and for equitable relationships between all languages and cultures. For all these reasons, this Declaration takes language communities and not states as its point of departure and is to be viewed in the context of the reinforcement of international institutions capable of guaranteeing sustainable and equitable development for the whole of humanity. For these reasons also it aims to encourage the creation of a political framework for linguistic diversity based upon respect, harmonious coexistence and mutual benefit.
Preliminary Title
Concepts Article 11. This Declaration considers as a language community any human society established historically in a particular territorial space, whether this space be recognized or not, which identifies itself as a people and has developed a common language as a natural means of communication and cultural cohesion between its members. The term language specific to a terrritory refers to the language of the community historically established in such a space.
2. This Declaration takes as its point of departure the principle that linguistic rights are individual and collective at one and the same time. In defining the full range of linguistic rights, it adopts as its referent the case of a historical language community within its own territorial space, this space being understood, not only as the geographical area where the community lives, but also as the social and functional space vital to the full development of the language. Only on this basis is it possible to define the rights of the language groups mentioned in point 5 of the present article, and those of individuals living outside the territory of their community, in terms of a gradation or continuum.
3. For the purpose of this Declaration, groups are also deemed to be in their own territory and to belong to a language community in the following circumstances:
i. when they are separated from the main body of their community by political or administrative boundaries;ii. when they have been historically established in a small area surrounded by members of other language communities; oriii. when they are established in an area which they share with the members of other language communities with similar historical antecedents.4. This Declaration also considers nomad peoples within their historical areas of migration and peoples historically established in geographically dispersed locations as language communities in their own territory.
5. This Declaration considers as a language group any group of persons sharing the same language which is established in the territorial space of another language community but which does not possess historical antecedents equivalent to those of that community. Examples of such groups are immigrants, refugees, deported persons and members of diasporas.
Article 21. This Declaration considers that, whenever various language communities and groups share the same territory, the rights formulated in this Declaration must be exercised on a basis of mutual respect and in such a way that democracy may be guaranteed to the greatest possible extent.
2. In order to establish the appropriate articulation between the respective rights of such language communities and groups and the persons belonging to them, the quest for a satisfactory sociolinguistic balance must take into account various factors, in addition to their respective historical antecedents in the territory and their democratically expressed will. Among such factors, which may call for compensatory treatment aimed at restoring a balance, are the following: the coercive nature of the migrations which have led to the coexistence of the different communities and groups, and their degree of political, socioeconomic and cultural vulnerability.
Article 31. This Declaration considers the following to be inalienable personal rights which may be exercised in any situation:
the right to be recognized as a member of a language community;
the right to the use of one's own language both in private and in public;
the right to the use of one's own name;
the right to interrelate and associate with other members of one's language community of origin;
the right to maintain and develop one's own culture;and all the other rights related to language which are recognized in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 16 December 1966 and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of the same date.
2. This Declaration considers that the collective rights of language groups, may include the following, in addition to the rights attributed to the members of language groups in the foregoing paragraph, and in accordance with the conditions laid down in article 2.2:
the right for their own language and culture to be taught;
the right of access to cultural services;
the right to an equitable presence of their language and culture in the communications media;
the right to receive attention in their own language from government bodies and in socioeconomic relations.3. The aforementioned rights of persons and language groups must in no way hinder the interrelation of such persons or groups with the host language community or their integration into that community. Nor must they restrict the rights of the host community or its members to the full public use of the community's own language throughout its territorial space.
Article 41. This Declaration considers that persons who move to and settle in the territory of another language community have the right and the duty to maintain an attitude of integration towards this community. This term is understood to mean an additional socialization of such persons in such a way that they may preserve their original cultural characteristics while sharing with the society in which they have settled sufficient references, values and forms of behaviour to enable them to function socially without greater difficulties than those experienced by members of the host community.
2. This Declaration considers, on the other hand, that assimilation, a term which is understood to mean acculturation in the host society, in such a way that the original cultural characteristics are replaced by the references, values and forms of behaviour of the host society, must on no account be forced or induced and can only be the result of an entirely free decision.
Article 5This Declaration is based on the principle that the rights of all language communities are equal and independent of their legal status as official, regional or minority languages. Terms such as regional or minority languages are not used in this Declaration because, though in certain cases the recognition of regional or minority languages can facilitate the exercise of certain rights, these and other modifiers are frequently used to restrict the rights of language communities.
Article 6This Declaration considers that a language cannot be considered specific to a territory merely on the grounds that it is the official language of the state or has been traditionally used within the territory for administrative purposes or for certain cultural activities.
Title One
General Principles Article 71. All languages are the expression of a collective identity and of a distinct way of perceiving and describing reality and must therefore be able to enjoy the conditions required for their development in all functions.
2. All languages are collectively constituted and are made available within a community for individual use as tools of cohesion, identification, communication and creative expression. Article 81. All language communities have the right to organize and manage their own resources so as to ensure the use of their language in all functions within society.
2. All language communities are entitled to have at their disposal whatever means are necessary to ensure the transmission and continuity of their language.
Article 9All language communities have the right to codify, standardize, preserve, develop and promote their linguistic system, without induced or forced interference.
Article 101. All language communities have equal rights.
2. This Declaration considers discrimination against language communities to be inadmissible, whether it be based on their degree of political sovereignty, their situation defined in social, economic or other terms, the extent to which their languages have been codified, updated or modernized, or on any other criterion.
3. All necessary steps must be taken in order to implement this principle of equality and to render it real and effective.
Article 11All language communities are entitled to have at their disposal whatever means of translation into and from other languages are needed to guarantee the exercise of the rights contained in this Declaration.
Article 121. Everyone has the right to carry out all activities in the public sphere in his/her language, provided it is the language specific to the territory where s/he resides.
2. Everyone has the right to use his/her language in the personal and family sphere.
Article 131. Everyone has the right to know the language specific to the territory in which s/he lives.
2. Everyone has the right to be polyglot and to know and use the language most conducive to his/her personal development or social mobility, without prejudice to the guarantees established in this Declaration for the public use of the language specific to the territory. Article 14The provisions of this Declaration cannot be interpreted or used to the detriment of any norm or practice deriving from the internal or international status of a language which is more favourable to its use within the territory to which it is specific.
Second Title
Overall linguistic rÈgime
Section IPublic administration and official bodies Article 151. All language communities are entitled to the official use of their language within their territory.
2. All language communities have the right for legal and administrative acts, public and private documents and records in public registers which are drawn up in the language of the territory to be valid and effective and no one can allege ignorance of this language.
Article 16All language communities have the right to communicate in their own language with the central, territorial, local and supraterritorial services of the public authorities and of those administrative divisions which include the territory to which the language is specific.
Article 171. All language communities are entitled to have at their disposal and to obtain in their own language all official documents pertaining to relations which affect the territory to which the language is specific, whether such documents be in printed, machine-readable or any other form.
2. Forms and standard administrative documents, whether in printed, machine-readable or any other form, must be made available and placed at the disposal of the public in all territorial languages by the public authorities through the services which cover the territories to which each language is specific.
Article 181. All language communities have the right for laws and other legal provisions which concern them to be published in the language specific to the territory.
2. Public authorities who have more than one territorially historic language within their jurisdiction must publish all laws and other legal provisions of a general nature in each of these languages, whether or not their speakers understand other languages.
Article 191. Representative Assemblies must have as their official language(s) the language(s) historically spoken in the territory they represent.
2. This right also applies to the languages of the communities established in geographically dispersed locations referred to in Article 1, Paragraph 4. Article 201. Everyone has the right to use the language historically spoken in a territory, both orally and in writing, in the Courts of Justice located within that territory. The Courts of Justice must use the language specific to the territory in their internal actions and, if on account of the legal system in force within the state, the proceedings continue elsewhere, the use of the original language must be maintained.
2. Notwithstanding the above, everyone has the right to be tried in a language which s/he understands and can speak and to obtain the services of an interpreter free of charge.
Article 21All language communities have the right for records in public registers to be drawn up in the language specific to the territory.
Article 22All language communities have the right for documents authenticated by notaries public or certified by other authorized public servants to be drawn up in the language specific to the territory where the notary or other authorized public servant performs his/her functions.
Section IIEducation Article 231. Education must help to foster the capacity for linguistic and cultural self-expression of the language community of the territory where it is provided.
2. Education must help to maintain and develop the language spoken by the language community of the territory where it is provided.
3. Education must always be at the service of linguistic and cultural diversity and of harmonious relations between different language communities throughout the world.
4. Within the context of the foregoing principles, everyone has the right to learn any language.
Article 24All language communities have the right to decide to what extent their language is to be present, as a vehicular language and as an object of study, at all levels of education within their territory: preschool, primary, secondary, technical and vocational, university, and adult education.
Article 25All language communities are entitled to have at their disposal all the human and material resources necessary to ensure that their language is present to the extent they desire at all levels of education within their territory: properly trained teachers, appropriate teaching methods, text books, finance, buildings and equipment, traditional and innovative technology.
Article 26All language communities are entitled to an education which will enable their members to acquire a full command of their own language, including the different abilities relating to all the usual spheres of use, as well as the most extensive possible command of any other language they may wish to know.
Article 27All language communities are entitled to an education which will enable their members to acquire knowledge of any languages related to their own cultural tradition, such as literary or sacred languages which were formerly habitual languages of the community.
Article 28All language communities are entitled to an education which will enable their members to acquire a thorough knowledge of their cultural heritage (history, geography, literature, and other manifestations of their own culture), as well as the most extensive possible knowledge of any other culture they may wish to know.
Article 291. Everyone is entitled to receive an education in the language specific to the territory where s/he resides.
2. This right does not exclude the right to acquire oral and written knowledge of any language which may be of use to him/her as an instrument of communication with other language communities.
Article 30The language and culture of all language communities must be the subject of study and research at university level.
Section IIIProper names Article 31All language communities have the right to preserve and use their own system of proper names in all spheres and on all occasions.
Article 321. All language communities have the right to use place names in the language specific to the territory, both orally and in writing, in the private, public and official spheres. 2. All language communities have the right to establish, preserve and revise autochthonous place names. Such place names cannot be arbitrarily abolished, distorted or adapted, nor can they be replaced if changes in the political situation, or changes of any other type, occur.
Article 33All language communities have the right to refer to themselves by the name used in their own language. Any translation into other languages must avoid ambiguous or pejorative denominations.
Article 34Everyone has the right to the use of his/her own name in his/her own language in all spheres, as well as the right, only when necessary, to the most accurate possible phonetic transcription of his/her name in another writing system.
Section IVCommunications media and new technologies Article 35All language communities have the right to decide the extent to which their language is be present in all the communications media in their territory, whether local and traditional media, those with a wider scope, or those using more advanced technology, regardless of the method of dissemination or transmission employed.
Article 36All language communities are entitled to have at their disposal all the human and material resources required in order to ensure the desired degree of presence of their language and the desired degree of cultural self-expression in the communications media in their territory: properly trained personnel, finance, buildings and equipment, traditional and innovative technology.
Article 37All language communities have the right to receive, through the communications media, a thorough knowledge of their cultural heritage (history, geography, literature and other manifestations of their own culture), as well as the greatest possible amount of information about any other culture their members may wish to know.
Article 38The languages and cultures of all language communities must receive equitable and non-discriminatory treatment in the communications media throughout the world.
Article 39The communities described in Article 1, paragraphs 3 and 4, of this Declaration, and the groups mentioned in paragraph 5 of the same article, are entitled to an equitable representation of their language in the communications media of the territory where they are established or where they migrate. This right is to be exercised in harmony with the rights of the other language groups or communities in the territory. Article 40In the field of information technology, all language communities are entitled to have at their disposal equipment adapted to their linguistic system and tools and products in their language, so as to derive full advantage from the potential offered by such technologies for publication, translation and information processing and for the dissemination of culture in general.
Section VCulture Article 411. All language communities have the right to use, maintain and foster their language in all forms of cultural expression.
2. All language communities must be able to exercise this right to the full without any community's space being subjected to hegemonic occupation by a foreign culture.
Article 42All language communities have the right to full development within their own cultural sphere.
Article 43All language communities are entitled to access to the works produced in their language.
Article 44All language communities are entitled to access to intercultural programmes through the dissemination of adequate information, and to support for activities such as teaching the language to foreigners, translation, dubbing, post-synchronization and subtitling.
Article 45All language communities have the right for the language specific to the territory to occupy a pre-eminent position in cultural events and services (libraries, videothËques, cinemas, theatres, museums, archives, folklore, cultural industries, and all other manifestations of cultural life).
Article 46All language communities have the right to preserve their linguistic and cultural heritage, including its material manifestations, such as collections of documents, works of art and architecture, historic monuments and inscriptions in their own language.
Section VIThe socioeconomic sphere Article 471. All language communities have the right to establish the use of their language in all socioeconomic activities within their territory.
2. All language communities are entitled to have at their disposal, in their own language, all the means necessary for the performance of their professional activities, such as documents and works of reference, instructions, forms and computer equipment, tools and products.
3. The use of other languages in this sphere can only be required in so far as it is justified by the nature of the professional activity involved. In no case can a more recently arrived language relegate or supersede the use of the language specific to the territory.
Article 481. All language communities have the right to use their language with full legal validity in economic transactions of all types, such as the sale and purchase of goods and services, banking, insurance, job contracts and others.
2. No clause in such private acts can exclude or restrict the use of a language in the territory to which it is specific.
3. All language communities are entitled to have the documents required for the performance of the above-mentioned operations at their disposal in their own language. Such documents include forms, cheques, contracts, invoices, receipts, delivery notes, order forms, and others.
Article 49All language communities have the right to use their language in all types of socioeconomic organizations such as labour and union organizations, and employers', professional, trade and craft associations.
Article 501. All language communities have the right for their language to occupy a pre-eminent place in advertising, signs, external signposting, and all other elements that make up the image of the country.
2. All language communities have the right to receive full oral and written information in their own language on the products and services proposed by commercial establishments in the territory, such as instructions for use, labels, lists of ingredients, advertising, guarantees and others.
3. All public signs and announcements affecting the safety of the public must be written at least in the language specific to the territory, in conditions which are not inferior to those of any other language.
Article 511. Everyone has the right to use the language specific to the territory in his/her relations with firms, commercial establishments and private bodies and to be served or receive a reply in the same language.
2. Everyone has the right, as a client, customer, consumer or user, to receive oral and written information in the language specific to the territory from establishments open to the public.
Article 52Everyone has the right to carry out his/her professional activities in the language specific to the territory unless the functions inherent to the job require the use of other languages, as in the case of language teachers, translators or tourist guides.
Additional Dispositions FirstThe public authorities must take all appropriate steps to implement the rights proclaimed in this Declaration within their respective areas of jurisdiction. More specifically, international funds must be set up to foster the exercise of linguistic rights in communities which are demostrably lacking in resources. Thus the public authorities must provide the necessary support so that the languages of the various communities may be codified, transcribed, taught, and used in the administration.
SecondThe public authorities must ensure that the authorities, organizations and persons concerned are informed of the rights and correlative duties arising from this Declaration.
ThirdThe public authorities must establish, in the light of existing legislation, the sanctions arising from the violation of the linguistic rights laid down in this Declaration.
Final Dispositions FirstThis Declaration proposes the creation of a Council of Languages within the United Nations Organization. The General Assembly of the United Nations Organization is to be responsible for setting up this Council, defining its functions and appointing its members, and for creating a body in international law to protect language communities in the exercise of the rights recognized in this Declaration.
SecondThis Declaration recommends and promotes the creation of a World Commission on Linguistic Rights, a non-official, consultative body made up of representatives of non-governmental organizations and organizations working in the field of linguistic law.
Barcelona, June 1996

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